SWAGºÏ¼¯

• Dr Sagar Jain

Applied science and engineering requires a solid understanding of engineering principles, necessary for working in energy, water and environmental sectors. This diverse module aims to develop an understanding of the core principles of engineering and enables learners to apply their knowledge to real-world case study examples. You will be required to understand how to work with gas, liquid and solid systems to determine heat transfer dynamics, chemical mass, hydraulics, structural mechanics/integrity, power grids and electrical systems. As the module progresses through the taught material, you will be introduced to applying their understanding to full system designs and how the theory informs industrial-scale applications

You will cover a number of fundamental aspects of engineering, applied to sustainable development systems. This will include applications in the energy, water and environmental sectors, thus will focus on sustainable development goals and the net zero targets. Topics covered throughout the module will include:

• Mass balance and reaction engineering.
• Heat and mass transfer.
• Hydraulics.
• Fundamental concepts in structural mechanics and design for structural safety.
• Power grids and electrical processes.
• Full engineering systems.

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Apply technical skills to subsystems of each case study, incorporating engineering principles including heat transfer, structural mechanics, hydraulics and engineering mathematics.
• Determine fluid mechanics of high-pressure and multi-phase processes.
• Critically appraise complex engineering case studies, analysing interconnectivity between engineering disciplines for delivering large-scale projects. This includes the application of basic structural mechanics and integrity analysis principles in sustainable development engineering contexts.
• Evaluate subsystem integration and consider project and H&S risks and mitigation, including structural failure theory.

• Professor Frederic Coulon

The module introduces the extent and consequences of pollution in the environment, identifies and evaluates technologies for prevention and remediation and exposes students in using decision support tool and modelling to deal with pollution prevention and remediation. 

• Environmental pollution and prevention technology.
• Contaminated land issues and market size.
• Soil and groundwater remediation technologies.
• Sustainable remediation practices.
• Monitoring and modelling contaminants.
• Hazard appraisal and risk assessment.
• Decision support tools.

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Define and discuss the key issues related to environmental pollution prevention and remediation.
• Critically appraise the range of remediation technologies for soil and groundwater.
• Appraise the key indicators for sustainable remediation approach.
• Select and evaluate accepted decision tools to assess remediation performance and end-points.

• Dr Gill Drew

Health, safety and environment risk are all key considerations when working in the renewable energy and other industrial sectors. These four topics are also broad and cover many aspects.  The module is therefore designed to provide you with the competencies to assess and evaluate the relevant international standards as well as the legislation and regulatory requirements. The module covers key topics including conceptual model development, probability, risk characterisation, and Geographical Information Systems. In doing so, this module aims to provide you with the capability and capacity to assess the wide range of increasingly complex risks and hazards facing organisations, policymakers and regulators. There is a strong focus on the use of case studies to provide examples of how standards and legislation are implemented in practice.

• Introduction to the International Standards, including the ISO 14000 family and ISO 45001.
• Environmental legislation and voluntary standards.
• Environmental risk assessment.
• Problem definition and conceptual models.
• Spatial analysis and informatics.
• Risk screening and prioritisation.
• Assembling strength and weight of evidence.
• Review of major accidents: such as the Oroville Dam collapse, Piper Alpha disaster and the Deepwater Horizon incident.

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Critique the ISO standards relevant to occupational health, safety and the environment.
• Differentiate between voluntary requirements and legal or regulatory requirements for health and safety, and the environment.
• Critically evaluate the decision process underpinning the management of a wide range of risks and provide justification for the prioritisation and application of different risk management strategies.
• Examine and interpret the relationship between risk, social, economic, political and technological trends and be able to provide appropriate suggestions for communication of assessment and management of environmental risks related to the influencing factors.
• Design or critique health and safety policies for infrastructure installations.

• Professor Ronald Corstanje

An introduction to the full suite of environmental models and modelling methods that are currently used to describe and predict environmental processes and outcomes. The objective of this module is to give an overview of the different types of models currently being used to describe environmental processes and how they are being applied in practice.

The module will offer you the opportunity to strengthen their analytical abilities with a specific mathematical emphasis, including programming and modelling, which are key skills to launch future careers in science, engineering and technology. In addition, throughout various interactive learning events, your social skills will be intensively trained.

• Introduction to the wide range of applications of numerical models in environmental sciences. Lectures will cover examples of models applied in climate, soil, water, natural ecosystems and atmosphere and others.
• Overview of the types of models applied; mechanistic, semi-empirical and empirical models. Why these different forms exist, their strengths and weaknesses, and how they are applied?
• Introduction to systems analysis. Overview of the basic concepts and how this relates to model design.
• Introduction to numerical solutions and empirical solutions to model parameterization and calibration.
• Identifying what makes models powerful. Predictions, Scenario and Sensitivity testing.
• Recognising limits and uncertainties; validating the model. Recognising the importance of good data.
• Practical applications of environmental models. How this is done, in what programming language?

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Identify and evaluate the standard types of numerical models in use in environmental sciences (including soil, water, ecosystems and atmosphere).
• Formulate the generic process of model design, building, calibration and validation. Recognize some of the uncertainties introduced in this process.
• Assess the model building process in the context of the system under consideration.
• Construct a model of environmental processes and modify it into a user-friendly environment.
• Evaluate the impact and relevancy of environmental models to plan scientific discourse.

• Dr Andrea Momblanch

This module aims to introduce you to the real-world environmental solutions that are being developed and/or already in use, to enable them to enter a number of sectors with up-to-date knowledge of current approaches.

The module will provide you with an overview of policies, practices and solutions to minimise the impacts of environmental challenges related to climate change, water quality, air quality, land, biodiversity and marine environments, keeping in view the environmental targets and standards.

You will work on case studies of sustainable solutions (e.g. in air quality, water quality, soil, etc.) and evaluate the potential of these solutions to contribute to building healthy and resilient environments.    

• Environmental challenges in a wide range of sectors; e.g., water and wastewater, air quality, soil, agriculture and food, transport, energy systems, biodiversity decline, etc.
• Policy and regulatory frameworks – National and international, including climate, water, air, soil, biodiversity, the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals.
• Systems thinking approaches to environmental solutions.
• Sustainable environmental solutions to address key environmental challenges: nature-based solutions, sustainable technology entrepreneurships, LivingLabs.
• Tools to assess the effectiveness of environmental solutions towards the achievement of policy goals.

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Examine and interpret the linkage between drivers of major environmental challenges and their societal impacts.
• Evaluate data and evidence on potential solutions to a real-world environmental challenges.
• Critically analyse environmental solutions based on appropriate metrics and tools in the context of policy goals.
• Critically appraise and synthesise complex environmental information to determine sustainable solutions to global environmental challenges through case examples.

• Dr Zaheer Nasar

This module aims to provide you with a specialist understanding of major air pollutants, their regulation, monitoring and management approaches both outdoors and indoors. The module will cover principal air pollution issues including an introduction to understanding the sources, sinks and distribution of major air pollutants, indoor–outdoor air quality issues (SWAGºÏ¼¯ and global), Air quality and climate change, monitoring techniques, analytical methods, data analysis, health contexts and current policy and regulatory systems for statutory air pollutants.

Practical work will include field investigation of air pollutants and data analysis and management solutions for improving air quality. This will involve measurements of air pollutants at various indoor and outdoor locations on the Cranfield campus.

Series of lectures and interactive learning sessions covering:

• Basics of air pollution science, types of air pollutants and their sources.
• Indoor–outdoor air quality issues (SWAGºÏ¼¯ and global).
• Measurement methods, monitoring approaches, air quality standards, and  health and environmental impacts.
• Gaseous (NOx, SO2, NH3, NMVOC, CO, O3) and Particulate (PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and UFPs).
• Bioaerosols monitoring and control (with a focus on regulated facilities in the SWAGºÏ¼¯).
• Indoor air quality measurement and management.
• Air quality controls and management systems.
• Air quality and climate change.

• Interpret the drivers, extent and implication of major air pollutants in ambient and indoor environments and the air quality regulatory framework.
• Critically assess the measurement techniques and approaches for key gaseous and particulate pollutants (including bioaerosols)
• Design appropriate sampling strategies to meet the practical requirements for ambient and indoor air quality monitoring.
• Evaluate data and generate data products in the context of a monitoring strategy and objectives.
• Critically appraise complex environmental information to propose tailored air quality monitoring and management solutions to manage air quality in different indoor and outdoor environments through case examples.

• Dr Vinod Kumar

The Biofuels and Biorefining module focuses on bioproduction of fuels and chemicals as a sustainable, environmentally friendly and low cost route This bioproduction can contribute to decreased greenhouse gas emissions, by replacing petrochemical route and also fulfil the global goals on the use of renewable energy.

The aim of the module is to provide you with advanced knowledge of the sources of biomass available for production of a range of high value chemicals and technologies used for conversion of the biomass. The module covers characteristics of biomass as potential feedstock, bioproduction of fuel and chemicals, types of biorefineries, conversion processes and existing technologies. In addition, an introduction to the Biorefining concept will be provided.

Raw materials for production of bio-based chemicals, characterization and assessment
Biofuel feedstocks and characteristics: starch- and sugar- based biomass, oleaginous-based biomass, lignocellulosic biomass, glycerol and algae.
Sugar, Fatty acid, and Syngas platforms technologies

First generation biorefinery
Bioethanol production
Biobutanol production

Biodiesel production
Biodiesel production technologies: biochemical, and catalytic and non-catalytic chemical processes. 
Biodiesel production: biochemical aspects.
Biodiesel production: chemistry and thermodynamic aspects.

Lignocellulosic biorefinery
Bioethanol production
Bioproduction of succinic acid
Bioproduction of 2,3-Butanediol
Bioproduction of Lactic acid

Algal Biorefineries
Technologies for microalgal biomass production
Algal biofuels conversion technologies

Food waste biorefineries
Manufacturing Platform Chemicals from food wastes

Glycerol-based Biorefineries
Bioproduction of 1,-3-Propanediol
Bioproduction of 3-Hydroxypropionic acid


AD-based biorefineries
Biofuel production by AD
Possible feedstocks and challenges

Biorefining
Classification of Biorefineries
Economic, social and environmental impacts of biorefining

Commercial biorefineries

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

State and assess the range of biomass resources/ biowastes/ agro-industrial wastes available for biofuels and biochemicals production;

Critically evaluate a range of technologies and biorefineries available for biofuels and biochemicals production from biomass and analyse the potential for future reduction in costs through technological development;

Explain the main theoretical concepts and practical implementation associated with bioproducts engineering systems;

Identify the high-value products that can be obtained from biomass feedstock.

Construct simple biorefining schemes and critically evaluate the potential of biorefining processes.

• Professor Frederic Coulon

The aim of this module is to provide you with specialist understanding of the major processes used for municipal waste management and their role within an integrated – circular - waste management system. In particular the module will focus on the bottom three points of the waste hierarchy: recycle, recover and dispose.

Integrated waste management: appraisal of national and international legislation and policy.
Circular economy in the waste context.
Waste properties and characterisation. Mechanical biological treatment, pre-treatment, biodegradable wastes, coupled technologies, technology performance and managing environmental impacts.
Landfill: biochemistry, leachate and gas production.
Biowaste technologies: composting, AD and other biorefinery processes.
Thermal treatment: incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, combined heat and power, waste to energy, solid recovered fuel.

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Appraise the role of waste treatment technologies under the circular management agenda - drivers, selection, pre-requisites requirements, waste types treated.
• Apply the concepts and principles of the biological processes for treating organic waste to the waste degradation context and evaluate and calculate energy potential.
• Explain why landfill gas (LFG) is treated and how to control, collect and treat the gas. Appraise the parameters contributing to LFG production and composition, the risks and production controls and calculate their potential impact.
• Critically assess specific waste/feedstock treatment processes involved into a circular economy (e.g. MBT, AD, biorefinery).
• Apply the concept and principle of waste management into a circular economy.

• Dr Lynda Deeks

Natural landscapes and built environments can be engineered to optimise the goods and services delivered to society, including provision of natural resources and the regulation of water and carbon. Technologies that prevent and/or reverse land degradation can be devised and implemented to ensure sustainable use of finite land resources. Environmental engineers and land managers need sound understanding of the environmental properties that determine land capability for any given desired end use, as well as the interrelationships between soil, water, vegetation and built structures. This understanding is grounded in basic soil physics, hydrology, hydraulics, geotechnics and agronomy. With this background, appropriate interventions such as soil erosion control and slope stabilisation can be designed and implemented to improve inherent land quality. The required skills set also informs the management of environmental projects involving land forming, reclamation, restoration and protection, which require selection, design, engineering and maintenance of appropriate structures.

Site Assessment: Concept of land capability and land quality
Criteria used for assessing land capability and its classification. 
USDA scheme, Canadian Land Inventory, urban land capability scheme.

Land forming, earth moving and landscape modification
Earth works design
Defra recommendations
Water retention - ponds
Machinery and equipment used (+ visit to Tarmac or similar)

Geotechnics: Slope stability
The stability of shallow and deep slope failures
Methods of slope stability calculations
Finite slope analysis etc.
Slope engineering for slope stability
Bunds and berms
Bioengineering
Biotechnical engineering

Surface erosion of slope forming materials
Soil erosion processes
Soil erosion consequences
Surface soil erosion control
Terraces
Check dams

Agronomic techniques (bioengineering)
Vegetation as an engineering material (bioengineering and biotechnical engineering)
Geotextiles

Top and sub soil management
Vegetation establishment
Site maintenance

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Apply the concept of land capability to site assessment and carry out land capability classifications.
• Explain how to design earthworks and select appropriate land-forming machinery / equipment.
• Calculate the stability of slopes and design of simple support and stabilisation systems.
• Devise strategies for the long-term management of top soil and subsoil in land engineering projects.

• Dr Pablo Campo Moreno

Water of good quality is necessary for domestic, environmental, industrial, recreational and agricultural applications. As a result of the conditions prevailing in the catchment area, natural and anthropogenic constituents in water bodies will define potential uses according to established criteria. Hence, for those working in water science, a comprehensive understanding of regulations applicable to water quality is needed. This module provides you with an overview of Water Framework Directive and other relevant water quality regulations and policies that govern the management and assessment of surface waters. If quality is to be adequately monitored, it is also important to acquire knowledge about sampling and measurement of water parameters and interpretation of acquired data. It also provides background in ecological processes, aquatic communities, and survey design and data analysis to help those working in environmental water management to interpret water quality data in the context of the catchment characteristics and pressures.

• Importance of water quality for human health, drinking water and the environment.
• Water quality regulation and standards.
• SWAGºÏ¼¯ methods to assess the status of surface water bodies.
• The physical and chemical attributes and processes structuring the biological community in aquatic ecosystems in the landscape (e.g. rivers, lakes, floodplains, estuaries and coastal zones).
• Design of water quality monitoring programmes: sampling strategies, sampling methods, quality assurance, and data handling.
• Water quality sampling & analysis: field sampling techniques and laboratory analysis methods.
• Statistical analysis of ecological and water quality data.

• Evaluate the chemical, biological and hydromorphological processes and their interactions that determine the ecological status of a surface water body.
• Critically analyse water quality based on knowledge of the sampling and data analysis methods, and analyse them to identify significant spatial and temporal differences.
• Classify major point and non-point sources of water pollution derived from natural sources and human activities, and identify emerging threats to water quality.

• Dr Peter King

The module aims to provide you with a deep understanding of the truly multidisciplinary nature of a real industrial project. Using a relevant case study, the scientific and technical concepts learned during the previous modules will be brought together and used to execute the analysis of the case study.

Design of an appropriate analysis toolkit specific to the case study.

Development of a management or maintenance framework for the case study.

Multi-criteria decision analysis [MCDA] applied to energy technologies to identify the most preferred technology.

Energy technologies and systems: understanding the development and scaling/design of the technologies by applying an understanding of the available resources in the assigned location.

Public engagement strategies and the planning process involved in developing energy technologies.

On successful completion of this module a student should be able to:

• Critically evaluate available technological options, and select the most appropriate method for determining the most preferred technology for the specific case study;
• Demonstrate the ability to work as part of a group to achieve the stated requirements of the module brief;
• Organise the single-discipline activities in a logical workflow, and to define the interfaces between them, designing an overall multidisciplinary approach for the specific case study. 

• Dr Stuart Wagland

The module focuses on the opportunities for the conversion of biomass and waste to energy; industry-focused, providing you with a critical understanding of the key challenges in operating energy from waste facilities. The module consists of visits to modern waste management facilities which include talks from the managers at each site to cover the day-to-day management of such technologies.  The module aims to provide you with advanced knowledge of the sources of biomass and waste, and the range of technologies available for their conversion into energy, particularly focused on thermochemical conversion whereby opportunities for producing alternative fuels and chemicals from wastes will be explored. You will conduct laboratory exercises to characterise solid fuels (e.g. waste feedstock and solid residues), assessing the composition and characteristics of waste materials to critically evaluate the fuel properties of the samples. Using analytical results to design thermochemical energy conversion systems using chemical modelling software (e.g. Aspen Plus). Furthermore, the module provides you with a critical understanding of the key differences and challenges in pilot-scale working. The module will utilise several facilities at Cranfield as part of the taught sessions in addition to a visit to an external site, such as a waste management facility, to collect samples for analysis in the laboratory.  As a practical module, you will gain significant practical experience through lab practical sessions, computer simulation and industrial site visits.

• Policies driving and regulating thermal conversion (gasification and pyrolysis) and incineration technologies.
• Understanding how and why waste composition changes and the effects of these changes on the energy potential.  Explored further as part of a practical session covering waste and waste-derived fuel characterisation.
• Material characterisation (elemental analysis, calorific value, thermal decomposition (TGA) and analytical skills for fuel products characterisation).
• Principles and reaction mechanisms of Gasification, pyrolysis and Combustion.
• Design principles of thermochemical processes and appropriate full energy system integration.
• Facility management challenges including process and emissions monitoring, health and safety compliance, and maintenance routines.
• Management of post-energy recovery residues (bottom ash, fly ash, digestate etc).
• Complex chemical and thermal process modelling using ASPEN Plus.

On successful completion of this study the student should be able to:

• Characterise and select the most appropriate biomass and waste materials for energy conversion applications.
• Design and assess appropriate energy conversion systems for bioenergy production from biomass and waste.
• Develop and apply analytical skills to carry out process simulation for design of energy conversion systems.
• Critically evaluate the main operational challenges in operating thermochemical processes, reviewing current practice to identify potential areas for research and development.
• Critically evaluate the application of software packages relevant to chemical engineering for upscale design from pilot-scale results to demonstration and commercial scale plants.

• Dr Robert Simmons

The catchment is often the unit of landscape at which environmental planning, engineering and management takes place. Understanding the intra and inter-field hydrological and hydraulic processes and factors affecting these operating on hillsides and in channels is essential to ensure the delivery of ecosystem goods and services, including the provision, regulation and protection of natural resources such as water, land and soil. The aim of this module is through applying the source, pathway, receptor approach improves understanding of the drivers of catchment hydrological processes with regard to water quantity and quality, and how these can be managed through engineering practices including drainage, irrigation and soil erosion control.

Principles of catchment hydrology and hydraulics
Problems of catchment management:
Water quantity
Prediction of peak runoff (Rational) and catchment yield
Water flow in structures e.g. channels, porous media
Prediction of irrigation demand 
Water quality 
Sources of contamination / pollution, and consequences
Surface erosion of slope forming materials
Soil erosion processes
Soil erosion consequences

Catchment modelling:
Purposes of catchment modelling
Types of models and examples (e.g., SWAT and MIKE-SHE)
Catchment modelling challenges
Soil erosion risk assessment and modelling USLE, MMF

Water quantity control
Investigation of land drainage status:
Required site moisture conditions for desired end uses.

Drainage design: types of drainage:
Role and design of surface drainage 
channels: natural channels; engineered channels, diversion drains etc.
Role and design of subsurface drainage systems.  
Moles, tiles, pipes 
Water table control: use of Hooghoudt and Glover Dumm equations; the Miers approach; 
Hydraulics calculation of channel / pipe discharge capacity using Mannings Equation.
Practical issues of drainage design: selection of materials, drainage maintenance, pipe surround, backfill and pipe sizing

The design of control structures including culverts:
Water storage structures, including ‘green’ infrastructure e.g., green roofs

Case studies: SUDs Sustainable Drainage systems; Lined (grassed) waterways

Management of irrigation systems in a catchment context; yield response to water, engineering, and technology options 

Ernst equation for sub irrigation design

Water quality control 
Control of sediment, nutrients, agrochemicals, other contaminants:
Surface soil erosion control (prevention)
Buffer strips
Grassed Waterways
Filtersocks and other on-farm phosphorous removal structures and P-sorption mechanisms
Tramline and wheeling management options
SuDS

Water treatment in the catchment (remedial):
Water treatment works
Contaminant sorbing materials

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Critically evaluate sources of sediment, nutrients and pesticides within a catchment, their pathways and receptors and identify management options.
• Select appropriate input parameter values to apply soil erosion models to predict current erosion status and evaluate different soil conservation measures to control both water quality and quantity.
• Design drainage systems, channels/ waterways and simple hydraulic structures including the calculation of peak runoff and total yield for a catchment.
• Devise preventative and remedial techniques to improve catchment water quality, taking account of site location within a catchment and socio-economic conditions.
• Evaluate the impacts and trade-offs between improving irrigation efficiency and catchment water resources.

• Professor Ana Soares

The water sector is embracing sustainable practices to effectively manage water and wastewater, aligning with circular economy principles and striving towards NET-ZERO goals while promoting resource recovery. This paradigm shift entails comprehensive, interdisciplinary strategies that prioritize not only technological advancements but also the establishment of metrics and key performance indicators. Considering regulatory frameworks and engaging local stakeholders are pivotal aspects. This module offers insights into the latest advancements in resource recovery from water, municipal, and industrial wastewater. It explores the drivers, challenges, opportunities, success stories, and tools essential for evaluating resource recovery implementation within the water sector.

• Sustainable practices to manage water and wastewater.
• Circular economy.
• Resource recovery strategies and processes.
• Regulatory framework around resource recovery.
• Nutrient recovery.
• Energy recovery/net zero

• Appraise sustainable practices in managing water and wastewater, including their alignment with circular economy principles and NET-ZERO targets.
• Derive strategies for resource recovery technologies applicable to water, municipal, and industrial wastewater treatment processes.
• Evaluate of drivers and challenges on the adoption of resource recovery practices.
• Assess tools and metrics to explore opportunities for resource recovery within the water sector, including potential economic, environmental, and social benefits.

• Dr Adriana Encinas-Oropesa

The purpose of this module is to provide you with experience of planning a project that will involve scoping and designing a product.  The module provides sessions on project and planning, including sustainable design principles, project risk management and resource allocation. A key part of this module is the consideration of systems thinking approach for creating innovative solutions, ethics, professional conduct, and the role of an engineer within the wider industry context as well as considerations for equality, diversity and inclusion.

Project Management,
Ethics, EDI and the role of the engineering (ethics case study),
Product development,
Circular Economy,
Systems thinking,
Innovation.

On successful completion of this module you should be able to:

• Apply design thinking methods and techniques to generate a product design concept that can be scaled up to a commercially viable solution.
• Design and plan the product project including processes, resources required (human and material), product end-of-life and risk management.
• Integrate systems thinking and circular economy approaches to develop sustainable and innovative products.
• Evaluate ethical dilemmas, equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI), and the role of the engineer within the context of their chosen industry.